So far as I know, no book is written on Zen in English or in any other European language, except * The Sermons of a Buddhist Abbot,' by Shaku So-yen. Since its foundation some fourteen hundred years ago, no author in China or Japan has undertaken a systematic explanation of it, owing to the fact that it is believed to have a hidden meaning entirely beyond expression. Besides, there are difficulties which baffle every attempt of its expositors, because almost
all the doctrinal works of old masters are metrical or enigmatical, and not only vague in meaning, but often mere jargon even to professional students.
As for myself, I have stated the doctrine, so far as I understand it, in plainest language, avoiding its technical terms. I regret not a little that I have not been able to give in detail references to the books on which my exposi-tion is based. Travelling round the world, I have left my books in Japan, and have written mostly from memory ; nevertheless, I have done my best to give the reader correct information.
With regard to the Japanese books on Zen referred to in the text, I have not given the names of the publishers. But all such works can be found at Moriye Book- shop, Azabu, Tokyo ; or at Asakura Book-shop, Asakusa, Tokyo.
An open acknowledgment of my sincere gratitude is due to Professor James H. Woods, of Harvard University, for his deep interest in this undertaking and for his constant help, and also to the Eeverend K6-do Yamada for his generous
aid and suggestions.
KAITEN NUKARIYA.
Harvard Square,
Cambridge,
April, 1913.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
(1) The Southern and Northern Schools of Buddhism - - xiii
{2) The Development and Differentiation of Buddliism - - xiv
(3) The Object of this Book is the Explaining of the Mahayanistic
View of Life and the World - - - - xv
(4) Zen holds a Unique Position among the Established Religions
of the World - - - - - - xv
(5) The Historical Antiquity of Zen - - - - xv
(6) The Denial of Scriptural Authority by Zen - - - xvi
(7) The Practisers of Zen hold the Buddha as their Predecessor,
whose Spiritual Level they Aim to Attain - - - xvi
(8) The Iconoclastic Attitude of Zen . - . . xvi
(9) Zen Activity ------- xvii
(10) The Physical and Mental Training . - . . xvii
(11) The Historical Importance ----- xviii
CHAPTER I
HISTORY OF ZEN IN CHINA
SECTION PAGE
1. The Origin of Zen in India - - - - - 1
2. The Introduction of Zen into China by Bodhidharma - 5
3. Bodhidharma and the Emperor Wu - - - - 6
4. Bodhidharma and his Successor, the Second Patriarch - 8
5. Bodhidharma's Disciples and the Transmission of the Law - 11
6. The Second and the Third Patriarchs - - - 12
7. The Fourth Patriarch and the Emperor Tai Tsung - - 13
8. The Fifth and the Sixth Patriarchs - - - - 14
9. The Spiritual Attainment of the Sixth Patriarch - - 15
10. The Flight of the Sixth Patriarch - - - - 16
11. The Development of the Southern and the Northern School
of Zen - - - - - - - 17
12. The Missionary Activity of the Sixth Patriarch - - 18
13. The Disciples under the Sixth Patriarch - - - 19
14. Three Important Elements of Zen - - - - 23
15. Dechne of Zen - - .... 24
xi
Xll CONTENTS
CHAPTER II
HISTORY OF ZP:N IN JAPAN
SECTION PAGE
1. The Establishment of the Rin Zai School of Zen in Japan - 28
2. The Introduction of the So To School of Zen - - 30
3. The Characteristics of Do-gen, the Founder of the Japanese
So To Sect ------- 32
4. The Social State of Japan when Zen was Established by
Ei-sai and D6-gen - - - . - 34
5. The Resemblance of the Zen Monk to the Samurai - - 35
6. The Honest Poverty of the Zen Monk and the Samurai - 35
7. The Manliness of the Zen Monk and the Samurai - - 36
8. The Courage and Composure of Mind of the Zen Monk and
the Samurai - - - - - - 39
9. Zen and the Regent Generals of the Ho-jo Period - - 40
10. Zen after the Downfall of the Ho-jo Regency - - 42
11. Zen in the Dark Age - - - - - - 44
12. Zen under the Toku-gawa Shogunate - - - - 46
13. Zen after the Restoration - - - - - 50
CHAPTER III
THE UNIVERSE IS THE SCRIPTURE OF ZEN
1. Scripture is no More than Waste Paper - - - 52
2. No Need of the Scriptural Authority for Zen - - - 54
3. The Usual Explanation of the Canon - - - - 56
4. Sutras used by the Zen Masters - - - - 60
5. A Sutra Equal in Size to the Whole World - - - 68
6. Great Men and Nature - - - - - 70
7. The Absolute and Reality are but an Abstraction - - 71
8. The Sermon of the Inanimate - - - 72
CHAPTER IV
BUDDHA, THE UNIVERSAL SPIRIT
1. The Ancient Buddhist Pantheon - - - -75
2. Zen is Iconoclastic - - - - - - 76
3. Buddha is Unnamable - - - - - 77
4. Buddha, the Universal Life - - - - - 79
5. Life and Change - - - - - - 81
6. The Pessimistic View of Ancient Hindus - - - 82
CONTENTS Xlll
SECTION I'AOE
7. Hinayanism and its Doctrine - - - - - 84
8. Change as seen by Zen - - - - - 85
9. Life and Change - - - - - - 86
10. Life, Change, and Hope - - - - - 87
11. Everything is Living according to Zen - - - 88
12. The Creative Force of Nature and Humanity - - 89
13. Universal Life is Universal Spirit - - - - 90
14. Poetical Intuition and Zen - - - - - 91
15. Enlightened Consciousness - - - - - 92
16. Buddha Dwelling in the Individual Mind - - - 93
17. Enlightened Consciousness is not an Intellectual Insight - 94
18. Our Conception of Buddha is not Final - - - 95
19. How to Worship Buddha - - - - - 96
CHAPTER V
THE NATURE OF MAN
1. Man is Good-natured according to Mencius - - - 98
2. Man is Bad-natured according to Siiin Tsz - - - 99
3. Man is both Good-natured and Bad-natured according to
Yan Hiung - - - - - - - 100
4. Man is neither Good-natured nor Bad-natured according to
Su Shih - - - - - - - 101
5. There is no Mortal who is Purely Moral - - - 101
6. There is no Mortal who is Non-moral or Purely Immoral - 103
7. Where, then, does the Error Lie ? - - - - 103
8. Man is not Good-natured nor Bad-natured, but Buddha-
natured .....-- 105
9. The Parable of the Robber Kih - - - - 106
10. Wang Yang Ming and a Thief - - - - 107
11. The Bad are the Good in the Egg - - - - 108
12. The Great Person and the Small Person - - 109
13. The Theory of Buddha-Nature adequately explains the Ethical
States of Man - - - - - - 111
14. Buddha-Nature is the Common Source of Morals - - 112
15. The Parable of a Drunkard - - - - - 113
16. Shakya Muni and the Prodigal Son - - . - 115
17. The Parable of the Monk and the Stupid Woman - - 116
18. ' Each Smile a Hymn, each Kindly Word a Prayer' - - 117
19. The World is in the Making - - - - - 118
20. The Progress and Hope of Life - - - - 119
21. The Betterment of Life - - - - 120
22. The Buddha of Mercy 121
XIV CONTENTS
CHAPTER VI
ENLIGHTENMENT
SECTION PAGE
1. Enlightenment is beyond Description and Analysis - - 123
2. Enlightenment Implies an Insight into the Nature of Self - 124
3. The Irrationality of the Belief of Immortality - - 127
4. The Examination of the Notion of Self - - 129
5. Nature is the Mother of All Things ... - 131
6. Eeal Self - - - - - - - 132
7. The Awakening of the Innermost Wisdom - - - 133
8. Zen is not Nihilistic ------ 135
9. Zen and Idealism ------ 137
10. Idealism is a Potent Medicine for Self-Created Mental Disease 138
11. Idealistic Scepticism concerning Objective Keality - - 139
12. Idealistic Scepticism concerning Eeligion and Morality - 141
13. An Illusion concerning Appearance and Reality - - 142
14. Where does the Root of the Illusion Lie "? - - - 143
15. Thing-in-Itself means Thing-Knowerless - - - 145
16. The Four Alternatives and the Five Categories - - 146
17. Personalism of B. P. Bowne ----- 149
18. All the Worlds in Ten Directions are Buddha's Holy Land - 151
CHAPTER VH
LIFE
1. Epicureanism and Life - - - . . 154
2. The Errors of Philosophical Pessimists and Religious Optimists 156
3. The Law of Balance ------ 158
4. Life Consists in Conflict ----- 159
5. The Mystery of Life - - - - - - 160
6. Nature favours Nothing in Particular - - - 161
7. The Law of Balance in Life - - - - - 163
8. The Application of the Law of Causation to Morals - - 165
9. The Retribution in the Past, the Present, and the Future Life 169
10. The Eternal Life as taught by Professor Mtinsterberg - 170
11. Life in the Concrete ------ 172
12. Difficulties are no Match for an Optimist - - - 173
13. Do Thy Best and Leave the Rest to Providence - - 175
CONTENTiS XV
CHAPTER VIII
THE TRAINING OF THE MIND AND THE PRACTICE
OF MEDITATION
SECTION I'ACIK
1. The Method of Instruction adopted by Zen Masters - - 178
2. The First Step in the Mental Training - - - 180
3. The Next Step in the Mental Training - - 181
4. The Third Step in the Mental Training - - - 184
5. Zazen, or the Sitting in Meditation - _ - - 188
6. The Breathing Exercise of the Yogi - - - - 190
7. Calmness of Mind - - - - - 19'2
8. Zazen and the Forgetting of Self - - - - 193
9. Zen and Supernatural Power - - - - 194
10. TrueDhyana ----- 197
11. Let Go of Your Idle Thoughts - - - - 198
12. ' The Five Ranks of Merit ' - - - - 201
13. ' The Ten Pictures of the Cowherd ' - - - - 203
14. Zen and Nirvana -.--.- 206
15. Nature and Her Lesson . . - . - 207
16. The Beatitude of Zen - - - - - 208
APPENDIX
ORIGIN OF MAN
Preface .--..--- 217
Introduction --.-.-. 219
CHAPTER I
Refutation of Delusive and Prejudiced (Doctrine) - 223
CHAPTER II
Refutation of Incomplete and Superficial (Doctrine) - 229
SECTION
1. The Doctrine for Men and Devas - - - . 229
2. The Doctrine of the Hinayanists - - - - 233
8. The Mahayana Doctrine of Dharmalaksana - - 238
4. Mahayana Doctrine of the Nihilists - - - - 240
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